Wine in Greece
A journey through history, grapes, and regions.
Greece, a land of ancient myths and sunlit islands, boasts a winemaking tradition that spans over 6,500 years. Picture sipping a wine with roots as deep as the Parthenon, wines once poured at the symposia of philosophers and celebrated in the revelries of Dionysus. Greek wine is a harmonious fusion of time-honored tradition and modern craftsmanship. In this article, we'll explore the rich history of Greek winemaking, uncover the unique array of indigenous grapes and wines, and journey through the country's renowned wine regions.
A rich history
Winemaking is deeply embedded in Greece's cultural heritage, with a history that dates back thousands of years. Archaeological discoveries reveal Greece as one of the oldest centers of wine production, evidenced by the earliest remains of crushed grapes. On the island of Crete, the world’s oldest known wine press, dating back to 2500 BC during the Minoan civilization, highlights this rich legacy. The Minoans, pioneers in viticulture, were among the first to cultivate grapes specifically for wine. They developed advanced fermentation and storage techniques, using large clay jars called pithoi. Their winemaking practices were also influenced by ancient Egypt, reflecting an early exchange of knowledge and innovation between civilizations.
As Greek civilization thrived, so too did its wine culture. The Mycenaeans, successors to the Minoans, advanced winemaking techniques and introduced amphorae—graceful, intricately designed vessels used for storing and transporting wine. These amphorae, unearthed throughout the Mediterranean, stand as evidence of the vast trade networks that carried Greek wines to far-reaching regions.
In ancient Greece, wine was far more than a simple beverage; it was a cornerstone of religious rituals, social gatherings, and intellectual discourse. Dionysus, the god of wine, fertility, and ecstasy, held a central role in Greek mythology, symbolizing wine's transformative and intoxicating power. His influence is vividly captured in countless artworks on ancient pottery and immortalized in the works of poets and playwrights.
The Greeks also pioneered the symposium, a social institution where men convened to drink wine, engage in philosophical discussions, and enjoy music and entertainment. It was within these gatherings that the art of wine criticism was born. The Greeks cultivated a refined palate, classifying wines by origin, quality, and flavor, laying the foundation for the sophisticated appreciation of wine that endures to this day.
The ancient Greeks were not only enthusiasts of wine but also trailblazers in the art of viticulture. They pioneered advanced techniques for cultivating grapes and producing wine, knowledge they shared with emerging winemaking regions such as modern-day France, Italy, and Spain through trade and the establishment of colonies. This influence was instrumental in shaping the development of viticulture and wine production across Europe.
Greek wine maintained its significance throughout history. During the Roman Empire, Greek wines—especially those from Crete and Monemvasia, were highly prized in Italy and fetched premium prices in Northern Europe during the Middle Ages. The medieval Malvasia trade, centered around the Peloponnesian town of Monemvasia, further cemented the prominence of Greek wines in the Mediterranean economy. These sweet wines, crafted from a diverse array of Malvasia grape varieties, became a vital export, traveling to Constantinople and beyond, and fueling a network of thriving trade routes during that era.
The Greek wine industry faced significant challenges during the Byzantine and Ottoman eras. While Byzantine monasteries played a vital role in preserving vineyards and winemaking traditions, the Ottoman occupation, with its restrictions on alcohol consumption, caused a decline in wine production. Yet, the resilience of Greek winemaking endured, safeguarded by devoted monks and the deep cultural importance of wine.
A turning point came in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following Greece's independence from Ottoman rule. The wine industry began to flourish once again, driven by the adoption of modern winemaking techniques and the formation of wine cooperatives. Recognizing the value of its winemaking heritage, the Greek government established appellation laws in 1971 and 1972 to protect and elevate the quality of its wines. These regulations, continually refined over time, ensure that Greek wines retain their unique identity while meeting rigorous production standards.
A diverse tapestry of wines and grapes
Greece is a true paradise for wine enthusiasts, home to over 200 indigenous grape varieties perfectly adapted to its diverse terroirs. This rich diversity of grapes produces an extraordinary range of wines, each offering a unique character and flavor profile, reflecting the country's viticultural heritage.
White wines
Light, refreshing, and full of character, Greek white wines are a testament to the country's rich winemaking tradition and its ability to craft vibrant flavors that capture the essence of the Mediterranean.
Crisp and refreshing whites
Assyrtiko: This iconic white grape, native to the volcanic island of Santorini, exemplifies the enduring spirit of Greek viticulture. Grown in the harsh, arid conditions of the Aegean Islands, Assyrtiko thrives against the odds. The vines are traditionally trained in a unique basket shape called "kouloura," designed to shield them from fierce winds and scorching sun. This resilient grape produces wines celebrated for their vibrant acidity and distinctive minerality, a gift of the volcanic soil. Assyrtiko wines are typically dry and crisp, with bright aromas of lemon, citrus, and a touch of volcanic ash, often complemented by subtle saline undertones. Whether enjoyed young for their fresh, zesty character or aged in oak to develop rich notes of honey and dried fruit, these wines stand apart as a true expression of their terroir.
Aromatic whites
Malagousia: Once on the brink of extinction, Malagousia has made a remarkable comeback in recent decades, earning its place as one of Greece's most promising white grape varieties. Thriving in the cooler climates of northern Greece, this aromatic grape produces wines with enchanting scents of citrus blossom, rose petals, and basil, often complemented by subtle notes of spice and tropical fruit. On the palate, Malagousia wines are known for their full-bodied richness, silky texture, and vibrant acidity, offering a perfect balance to their fragrant intensity.
Moschofilero: A pink-skinned grape native to Greece, Moschofilero is a remarkably versatile variety, celebrated for producing both white and rosé wines. Renowned for their aromatic complexity, Moschofilero wines offer enchanting notes of pink grapefruit, lemon blossom, and rose petals, often enhanced by subtle hints of spice. Light-bodied and refreshingly crisp, these wines boast vibrant acidity, making them an excellent pairing for a wide range of dishes.
Other notable white grapes
Roditis: A cornerstone of the Greek wine industry, Roditis is a versatile pink-skinned grape known for its adaptability. It’s used to craft everything from easy-drinking everyday wines to more refined and complex expressions. Typically light-bodied and refreshing, Roditis wines are characterized by bright citrus notes and lively acidity. When grown in mountainous regions, the grape reveals its full potential, producing wines with enhanced aromatic depth and a richer, fuller body.
Savatiano: As Greece’s most widely planted grape variety, Savatiano is best recognized for its role in crafting retsina, the traditional Greek wine infused with pine resin. Beyond this classic style, Savatiano also shines in dry wines, offering vibrant aromas of citrus, melon, and herbs. These wines are often intense and crisp, with a unique personality that reflects the interplay of terroir and winemaking artistry.
Red wines
Discover the rich and diverse flavors of Greece's red wines, crafted from unique indigenous grape varieties that tell a story of tradition and terroir.
Bold and age-worthy reds
Agiorgitiko: Known as "St. George's grape," Agiorgitiko is one of Greece's most cherished and widely cultivated red grape varieties. Grown predominantly in the Peloponnese region, particularly in Nemea, it produces wines celebrated for their depth of flavor and impressive aging potential. Agiorgitiko wines are typically full-bodied with a velvety texture, offering enticing aromas of black cherry, plum, and spice, often complemented by subtle earthy undertones. While enjoyable in their youth, the finest examples evolve beautifully with age, revealing layered nuances of leather, tobacco, and dried fruit.
Xinomavro: Often referred to as the "Nebbiolo of Greece," Xinomavro is a noble red grape primarily cultivated in northern Greece. Renowned for its ability to craft structured, age-worthy wines, it delivers a captivating complexity of aromas and flavors. Xinomavro wines are full-bodied and tannic, featuring bold notes of black cherry, dried tomato, and spice, often accompanied by traces of leather and tobacco. With the ability to age gracefully for decades, these wines develop remarkable elegance and sophistication over time.
Other notable red grapes
Limnio: Indigenous to the island of Lemnos, Limnio is an ancient red grape with a history spanning over 2,000 years. Renowned for its distinctive herbaceous profile, Limnio wines exude aromas of bay leaf, oregano, and dried herbs, complemented by notes of dark fruit and spice. These full-bodied, rustic wines embody a unique savory quality, a true reflection of Lemnos' volcanic terroir.
Kotsifali: Predominantly cultivated on the island of Crete, Kotsifali is a red grape often used in blends to enhance color and structure. These medium-bodied wines are characterized by vibrant aromas of red fruit and subtle spice, offering a balanced and approachable profile.
Mavrodaphne: Grown in the Peloponnese and the Ionian Islands, Mavrodaphne is best known for crafting sweet, fortified dessert wines. Rich and indulgent, these wines feature concentrated flavors and aromas of dried fruit, coffee, and chocolate, delivering a truly luxurious tasting experience.
Unique Greek wines
Retsina: A traditional Greek wine with a history stretching back to ancient times, Retsina is uniquely flavored with Aleppo pine resin. Typically crafted from the Savatiano grape, though occasionally made with other varieties, this wine stands out for its distinctive character. The addition of pine resin during fermentation infuses it with a signature aroma and flavor profile—piney, herbal, and slightly medicinal. While Retsina may be an acquired taste, it offers a refreshing and uniquely cultural experience deeply intertwined with Greece’s rich winemaking heritage.
Exploring the wine regions
Greece's varied geography and climate are key to the distinctive character of its wines. From the rugged mountains of the north to the volcanic islands of the Aegean and the sun-soaked plains of the south, each region showcases a unique facet of Greek viticulture, offering a rich tapestry of flavors and traditions.
Region | Climate | Key grapes | Wine styles |
---|---|---|---|
Northern Greece | Continental with cold winters, rain, and snowfall in the mountains | Xinomavro, Malagousia, Assyrtiko | Age-worthy reds, aromatic whites, sparkling wines |
Aegean Islands | Arid Mediterranean climate | Assyrtiko, Muscat Blanc, Athiri, Aidani, Mandilaria | Crisp whites, dessert wines |
Central Greece | Modulating Mediterranean climate, hotter and drier in the south | Savatiano, Roditis, Xinomavro, Assyrtiko | Retsina, everyday drinking wines, some complex reds |
Southern Greece | Hot Mediterranean climate | Agiorgitiko, Moschofilero, Vidiano, Mavrodaphne | Aromatic whites, fruity reds, dessert wines |
Northern Greece
Known for its cooler climate and diverse terrain, Northern Greece is a paradise for both red and white grape varieties. The region’s standout is Xinomavro, a red grape flourishing in the high-altitude vineyards of Naoussa and Amyndeo. This varietal produces sophisticated, age-worthy wines with layered aromas of red fruit, spice, and earthy undertones. Northern Greece is also celebrated for Malagousia, an aromatic white grape that yields full-bodied wines with enchanting floral and citrus notes. The cooler climate here additionally makes it an ideal region for crafting refined sparkling wines.
Aegean Islands
The sun-soaked Aegean Islands, each with its distinctive terroir and winemaking history, are some of Greece’s most iconic wine regions. Santorini, the crown jewel of the Aegean, is globally renowned for its Assyrtiko wines, which beautifully reflect the island’s volcanic soils. These wines are prized for their striking minerality and vibrant acidity. Meanwhile, Samos boasts a rich winemaking heritage and is believed to be the birthplace of the Muscat Blanc grape. On this island, Muscat Blanc showcases its versatility, producing an array of wines ranging from dry and aromatic to lusciously sweet.
Central Greece
With its temperate Mediterranean climate, Central Greece is home to a wide variety of grape types and wine styles. Savatiano, the most widely planted grape in Greece, thrives in this region, particularly in the Attica area around Athens. It is best known as the backbone of retsina, a traditional Greek wine infused with pine resin. Central Greece also produces robust red wines from Xinomavro, along with lesser-known indigenous varieties like Krasato and Stavroto, adding to the region's diverse portfolio.
Southern Greece
Encompassing Crete, the Peloponnese, and Kefalonia, Southern Greece is defined by its warm, sunny climate and vibrant winemaking traditions. The Peloponnese, especially the Nemea region, is the stronghold of Agiorgitiko, a red grape celebrated for its richly flavored, velvety wines with soft tannins. Southern Greece also excels in producing aromatic white wines, particularly from Moschofilero, which thrives in the sun-drenched vineyards. Crete, Greece’s largest island, is a treasure trove of indigenous grape varieties such as Vidiano, Vilana, and Liatiko, producing wines that are both unique and deeply expressive.
Greek Wine Reviews
In recent years, Greek wines have captured the spotlight among wine critics and enthusiasts alike, earning acclaim for their exceptional quality, remarkable value, and distinctive character. Below, we share key insights drawn from expert wine reviews.
Wine critics frequently commend the outstanding quality of Assyrtiko wines from Santorini, celebrated for their striking minerality, vibrant acidity, and impressive aging potential. One reviewer describes a Santorini Assyrtiko as "a brilliant wine," highlighting its complex profile of sweet red fruits, earthy undertones, subtle oxidative sherry notes, and a touch of green nuances, all culminating in an "elegant" finish.
Xinomavro wines from Naoussa are often likened to Nebbiolo, celebrated for their firm tannins, vibrant acidity, and intricate aromas of red fruit, spice, and earth. One reviewer praises Naoussa's Xinomavro as embodying a "Holy Trinity" quality, ranking it alongside Pinot Noir and Nebbiolo as one of the world's finest red grape varieties.
Critics have lauded red blends from Lesvos for their delicate pale ruby hue, enticing aromas of red fruits and flowers, and a harmonious balance of tannins and acidity. One reviewer described a Lesvos red blend as “the perfect companion for a summer evening,” pairing beautifully with olives, ham, tomatoes, melon, and feta cheese.
There is a growing trend of organic winemaking in Greece, with producers positive reviews for their organic white and rosé wines.
These reviews highlight the diversity and quality of Greek wines, showcasing the potential of both indigenous and international grape varieties in expressing the unique terroirs of Greece.
Food pairings
Greek wines are a treasure trove of vibrant acidity, aromatic complexity, and diverse flavor profiles, making them exceptionally versatile for food pairings. While they naturally shine alongside traditional Greek dishes, they also pair beautifully with an array of international cuisines.
Perfect pairings with Greek classics
Assyrtiko: Known for its crisp acidity and pronounced minerality, Assyrtiko is a natural partner for fresh seafood, especially grilled fish and shellfish. It also complements lemon-dressed salads, light cheeses like feta, and dishes with a hint of spice.
Agiorgitiko: With its soft tannins and juicy red fruit flavors, Agiorgitiko is perfectly suited for lamb dishes, moussaka, and grilled meats. Its delicate spice notes also make it a delightful match for meals featuring Mediterranean herbs.
Xinomavro: This bold red, with its firm tannins and bright acidity, pairs wonderfully with hearty stews, game dishes, and aged cheeses. It also enhances dishes with smoky or earthy undertones, making it a versatile choice for rich, robust flavors.
Retsina: Famous for its unique pine resin aroma, Retsina is a classic choice for Greek appetizers like taramasalata (fish roe dip) and dolmades (stuffed grape leaves). It also pairs beautifully with grilled seafood, salads featuring olives and feta, and lemon-infused dishes.
Global pairing potential
What makes Greek wines truly exceptional is their ability to complement a variety of global cuisines. The zesty acidity of Assyrtiko cuts through the richness of Thai curries with ease, while Xinomavro’s earthy depth enhances the umami flavors of Japanese dishes. Malagousia, with its aromatic complexity, elevates the spices in Indian cuisine, and the piney notes of Retsina bring a unique dimension to Chinese stir-fries.
Whether you're enjoying traditional Greek fare or exploring flavors from around the world, Greek wines are an inspiring choice for elevating your dining experience.
Greek wines
Greek wines invite wine lovers on a journey rich in history, culture, and an extraordinary array of flavors. From the ancient vineyards of Crete to the volcanic soils of Santorini and the rugged slopes of Naoussa, Greece’s diverse terroirs produce wines brimming with character and a profound sense of place. The resurgence of indigenous grape varieties, paired with the passion and innovation of modern winemakers, has firmly established Greece as an emerging gem in the global wine scene.
Whether it’s the crisp, mineral-driven Assyrtiko, the aromatic elegance of Malagousia, the bold and structured Xinomavro, or the distinctive charm of retsina, Greek wines offer an unforgettable exploration of taste and heritage. Each sip reveals a story, a connection to centuries of viticultural tradition. For those eager to explore this ancient yet vibrant world of wine, Greece offers a true treasure trove of flavors, a testament to the timeless artistry of its winemakers.
Discover the new renaissance of Greek wines. The slogan for Greece asks you to explore your senses and this applies particularly to their food and wine so explore Greek wines and see what all this is about.